viernes, 30 de noviembre de 2012

Types of Adjectives (Tipos de adjetivos)

El inglés tiene seis clases de adjetivos:
  1. Descriptive/Qualitative (Calificativos)
    fat (gordo), blue (azul), nice (simpático), hot (caliente), young (joven), round (redondo), long (largo), early (temprano)...
  2. Demonstrative (Demostrativos)
    this (esto), that (eso), these (estos), those (esos)
  3. Quantitative (Cuantitativos)
    some (alguno/s), any (alguno/s, ninguno), many (mucho/s), much (mucho)...
  4. Interrogative (Interrogativos)
    which? (¿cuál?), what? (¿qué?), where? (¿dónde?), how? (¿cómo?)...
  5. Possessive (Posesivos)
    my (mi), your (tu), his (su), our (nuestro)...
  6. Numeric (Números)
    one (uno), four (cuatro), first (primero), third (tercero)...
    Más información sobre los números cardinales y números ordinales

Grammatical Rules (Reglas gramaticales)

    1. El adjetivo casi siempre se sitúa antes del nombre,como hemos visto en el principio de esta lección. Aunque en algunos casos, dependen del verbo, y entonces el adjetivo se sitúa detrás del verbo. Estos verbos incluyen:
      to be (ser/estar), to become (ponerse), to feel (sentirse), to look (parecer), to seem (parecer), to smell (oler), to taste (gustar)
      • Ejemplos:
      • She looks [seems] tired. (Parece cansada.)
      • I feel good. (Me siento bien.)
      • It smells bad. (Huele mal.)
      • You are beautiful. (Eres guapa.)
    2. El adjetivo en inglés no tiene género.
      fast (rápido/a), good (bueno/a), cold (frio/a), tall (alto/a)...
    3. En general, los adjetivos no tienen una forma plural.Sólo los adjetivos demostrativos y cuantitativos tienen formas diferentes para el singular y el plural:
      • Demostrativos:
      • this pencil (este lápiz)
      • these pencils (estos lápices)
      • Cuantitativos:
      • much money (mucho dinero)
      • many books (muchos libros)
    4. Podemos usar dos o más adjetivos juntos.
      • Ejemplos:
      • a small black book (un libro pequeño y negro)
      • a pretty Spanish woman (una mujer española guapa)
      • a large glass table (una mesa grande de vidrio)
      • a wonderful old city (una ciudad antigua y maravillosa)
Como norma general, seguimos el siguiente orden cuando utilizamos varios adjetivos:
Tipo de adjetivo Ejemplos
opinión /valor delicious, wonderful, nice, pretty ...
tamaño y longitud short, large, small, tall ...
edad / temperatura new, old, young, hot, cold ...
forma y superficie round, fat, thin, square ...
color red, black, blue, green ...
origen Spanish, American, Columbian ...
material silver, cotton, paper, iron ...
uso electric, political ...
nombre bath (towel)

Adjectives and Adverbs


 

DEFINITIONS AND RULES.

Definitions:

Adjectives are words that describe nouns or pronouns. They may come before the word they describe (That is a cute puppy.) or they may follow the word they describe (That puppy is cute.).
Adverbs are words that modify everything but nouns and pronouns. They modify adjectives, verbs, and other adverbs. A word is an adverb if it answers how, when, or where.
The only adverbs that cause grammatical problems are those that answer the question how, so focus on these.

Rule 1

Generally, if a word answers the question how, it is an adverb. If it can have an -ly added to it, place it there.
Examples:
She thinks slow/slowly.
She thinks how? slowly.
She is a slow/slowly thinker.
Slow does not answer how, so no -ly is attached. Slow is an adjective here.
She thinks fast/fastly.
Fast answers the question how, so it is an adverb. But fast never has an -ly attached to it.
We performed bad/badly.
Badly describes how we performed.

Rule 2

A special -ly rule applies when four of the senses - taste, smell, look, feel - are the verbs. Do not ask if these senses answer the question how to determine if -ly should be attached. Instead, ask if the sense verb is being used actively. If so, use the -ly.
Examples:
Roses smell sweet/sweetly.
Do the roses actively smell with noses? No, so no -ly.
The woman looked angry/angrily.
Did the woman actively look with eyes or are we describing her appearance? We are only describing appearance, so no -ly.
The woman looked angry/angrily at the paint splotches.
Here the woman did actively look with eyes, so the -ly is added.
She feels bad/badly about the news.
She is not feeling with fingers, so no -ly.

Good vs. Well

Rule 3

The word good is an adjective, while well is an adverb.
Examples:
You did a good job.
Good describes the job.
You did the job well.
Well answers how.
You smell good today.
Describes your odor, not how you smell with your nose, so follow with the adjective. You smell well for someone with a cold.
You are actively smelling with a nose here, so follow with the adverb.

Rule 4

When referring to health, use well rather than good.
Example:
I do not feel well. You do not look well today.
Note: You may use good with feel when you are not referring to health.
Example:
I feel good about my decision to learn Spanish.

Rule 5

A common error in using adjectives and adverbs arises from using the wrong form for comparison. For instance, to describe one thing we would say poor, as in, "She is poor." To compare two things, we should say poorer, as in, "She is the poorer of the two women." To compare more than two things, we should say poorest, as in, "She is the poorest of them all."
Examples:
One Two Three or More
sweet sweeter sweetest
bad worse worst
efficient* more efficient* most efficient*
*Usually with words of three or more syllables, don't add -er or -est. Use more or most in front of the words.

Rule 6

Never drop the -ly from an adverb when using the comparison form.
Correct:
She spoke quickly.
She spoke more quickly than he did.
Incorrect:
She spoke quicker than he did.
Correct:
Talk quietly.
Talk more quietly.
Incorrect:
Talk quieter.

Rule 7

When this, that, these, and those are followed by nouns, they are adjectives. When they appear without a noun following them, they are pronouns.
Examples:
This house is for sale.
This is an adjective here.
This is for sale.
This is a pronoun here.

Rule 8

This and that are singular, whether they are being used as adjectives or as pronouns. This points to something nearby while that points to something "over there."
Examples:
This dog is mine.
That dog is hers.
This is mine.
That is hers.

Rule 9

These and those are plural, whether they are being used as adjectives or as pronouns. These points to something nearby while those points to something "over there."
Examples:
These babies have been smiling for a long time.
These are mine. Those babies have been crying for hours. Those are yours.

Rule 10

Use than to show comparison. Use then to answer the question when.
Examples:
I would rather go skiing than rock climbing.
First we went skiing; then we went rock climbing.

miércoles, 1 de junio de 2011


This JUNE 2011...

Welcome and Join to our ...

FIRST BIFFI ENGLISH

INTERNATIONAL CULTURE FESTIVAL

martes, 21 de septiembre de 2010

READING CORNER

C:\Documents and Settings\Etta Blèu\My Documents\Archivos Fay\Docencia\COLEGIO BIFFI\Plan lector\LOGO 72.jpg1. READING TEXT

Pop sensation Justin Bieber used to slum it in a 'small, shabby apartment' after his parents split. Justin has opened up about his rags-to-riches story that made him one of today's biggest stars. And the 16-year-old Baby singer said it was a tough time when his parents separated. He told Top of the Pops magazine: "My parents split up when I was really young I grew up with my mum — and not much money. "After my parents split up, mum and I lived in a small, shabby apartment but despite our financial situation we were always a good team." The Canadian singer added: "It's sad for a kid when a parent leaves, it doesn't make you feel very good but now being in the position that I am, when I look back, it's like 'I'm so blessed.'" Nowadays Bieber goes from strength to strength with hundreds of live shows and his role in TV show CSI.

2. RESPOND TO THE QUESTIONS

A. ¿ What is the main idea of this text?

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

B. 1. Where did Justin use to live?

a. in an apartment b. in a house

c. in a basement d. on a slum

3. Match the new words with meaning

.

a) open up hard

b) Split poor neighborhood

c) Rags-to-riches used and dirty

d) Tough to separate

e) Shabby to become millionaire

F) Slum to be known

REPORTED STATEMENTS - PRACTISE

REPORTED SPEECH - EXERSISES

Finish the sentences using Reported speech. Always change the tense, although it is sometimes not necessary.

Example: Peter: "I clean the black shoes."

Peter told me that ____________________________

Answer: Peter told me that he cleaned the black shoes.

1) John: "Mandy is at home."

John said that .

2) Max: "Frank often reads a book."

Max told me that .

3) Susan: "I'm watching TV."

Susan said to me that .

4) Simon: "David was ill."

Simon said that .

5) Peggy: "The girls helped in the house."

Peggy told me that .

6) Richard: "I am going to ride a skateboard."

Richard said to me that .

7) Stephen and Claire: "We have cleaned the windows."

Stephen and Claire told me that .

8) Charles: "I didn't have time to do my homework."

Charles remarked that .

9) Mrs Jones: "My mother will be 50 years old."

Mrs Jones told me that .

10) Jean: "The boss must sign the letter."

Jean said that .

Reported speech - EXERSISES - Time expressions

Finish the sentences using Reported speech. Always change the tense, although it is sometimes not necessary.

Example: Peter: "I cleaned the black shoes yesterday."

Peter told me that _________________________________

Answer: Peter told me that he had cleaned the black shoes the day before.

1) Emily: "Our teacher will go to Leipzig tomorrow."

Emily said that .

2) Helen: "I was writing a letter yesterday."

Helen told me that .

3) Robert: "My father flew to Dallas last year."

Robert told me that .

4) Lisa: "Tim went to the stadium an hour ago."

Lisa said that .

5) Patricia: "My mother will celebrate her birthday next weekend."

Patricia said that .

6) Michael: "I am going to read a book this week."

Michael said to me that .

7) Jason and Victoria: "We will do our best in the exams tomorrow."

Jason and Victoria told me that .

8) Andrew: "We didn't eat fish two days ago."

Andrew remarked that .

9) Alice: "I spent all my pocket money on Monday."

Alice complained that .

10) David: "John had already gone at six."

David said that .

Reported questions

If you put a question into Reported speech there are some steps which are the same like instatements: (changing of the person, backshift of tenses, changing of expressions of time).

In Reported speech there is no question anymore, the sentence becomes a statement.

That's why the word order is: subject - verb

Question without question words (yes/no questions):

Peter: "Do you play football?" - Peter asked me whether (if) I played football.

Question with question words:

Peter: "When do you play football?" - Peter asked me when I played football.

Finish the sentences using Reported speech. Always change the tense, although it is sometimes not necessary.

Example: Peter: "Did John clean the black shoes?"

Peter asked me _________________________________

Answer: Peter asked me if John had cleaned the black shoes.

1) Christopher: "Do you want to dance?"

Christopher asked me .

2) Betty: "When did you come?"

Betty wanted to know .

3) Mark: "Has John arrived?"

Mark asked me .

4) Ronald: "Where does Maria park her car?"

Ronald asked me .

5) Elisabeth: "Did you watch the latest film?"

Elisabeth asked me .

6) Mandy: "Can I help you?"

Mandy wanted to know .

7) Andrew: "Will Mandy have lunch with Sue?"

Andrew asked me .

8) Justin: "What are you doing?"

Justin asked me .

9) Frank: "How much pocket money does Lisa get?"

Frank wanted to know .

10) Anne: "Must I do the shopping?"

Anne asked .

REPORTED QUESTIONS WITH TIME EXPRESSIONS

Finish the sentences using Reported speech. Always change the tense, although it is sometimes not necessary.

Example: Peter: "Did John clean the black shoes yesterday?"

Peter asked me _________________________________________

Answer: Peter asked me if John had cleaned the black shoes the day before.

1) Mandy: "Are the boys reading the book?"

Yesterday Mandy asked me .

2) Jason: "Who gave you the laptop?"

Yesterday Jason wanted to know .

3) Robert: "Is Tim leaving on Friday?"

Yesterday Robert asked me .

4) Daniel: "Will it rain tomorrow?"

Yesterday Daniel asked me .

5) Jennifer: "Where do you play football today?"

Yesterday Jennifer wanted to know .

6) Nancy: "Why didn't Nick go to New York last summer?"

Yesterday Nancy wanted to know .

7) Barbara: "Must I do my homework this afternoon?"

Yesterday Barbara asked me .

8) Linda: "Did Max fly to London two weeks ago?"

Yesterday Linda wanted to know .

9) Grandmother: "Where are my glasses?"

Yesterday Grandmother asked me .

10) A man: "When does the train to Liverpool leave?"

Yesterday a man asked me .

REPORTED STATEMENTS

Estilo indirecto - Reported Speech

El Estilo indirecto o Reported speech es una estructura que se emplea cuando queremos decir o hacer mención sobre algo que alguien ha dicho previamente.

Direct speech
(estilo directo)

Reported speech
(estilo indirecto)

"I always drink coffee". She said.

She said that she always drank coffee.

"Yo siempre bebo café." Ella dijo.

Ella dijo que ella siempre bebía café.

Para hacer mención sobre lo que alguien ha dicho usamos verbos como explain, promise, say, tell, suggest... Aunque los más utilizados son say y tell.

No es necesario cambiar el tiempo del verbo si el verbo de la oración principal está en presente. En el ejemplo anterior podríamos decir: She said that she always drink coffee.

Para introducir lo que ha dicho, usamos that aunque muchas veces se puede omitir esta palabra.

Al convertir una oración de "Direct Speech" a "Reported Speech" tenemos en cuenta que el verbo principal retrocede un tiempo verbal.

Tabla de cambios que sufre el verbo:

Direct speech

Reported speech

present simple
I am happy
I sleep

past simple
He said he was happy
He said he slept

present continuos
I am feeling happy
I am sleeping

past continuos
He said he was feeling happy
He said he was sleeping

past simple
I was happy
I slept

past perfect
He said he had been happy
He said he had slept

present perfect
I have been happy
I have slept

past perfect
He said he had been happy
He said he had slept

present perfect continuos
I have been feeling happy
I have been sleeping

past perfect continuos
He said he had been feeling happy
He said he had been sleeping

future
I will be happy
I will sleep

simple conditional
He said he would be happy
He said he would sleep

3future perfect
I will have been happy
I will have sleep

simple conditional perfect
He said he would have been happy
He said he would have slept

Verbos modales

Direct speech

Reported speech

CAN
I can sleep

COULD
He said he could sleep

MAY
I may sleep

MIGHT
He said he might sleep

WILL
I will sleep

WOULD
He said he would sleep

MUST
I must sleep

HAD TO
He said he had to sleep

Cambios que pueden sufrir algunas partículas de lugar y tiempo:

now

at that moment, then

tonight

that night

today

that day

last night

the night before

this morning

that morning

this week

that week

next week

the following week

next year

the year after

here

there


Reported commands

If you put a command into Reported speech there are some steps which are the same like instatements: (changing of the person, backshift of tenses, changing of expressions of time).

The form is mostly: form of to tell + to + infinitive.

Affirmative commands

Negative commands

Father: "Do your homework."

Teacher. "Don't talk to your neighbour."

Father told me to do my homework.

The teacher told me not to talk to my neighbour.

Finish the sentences using Reported speech. Always change the tense, although it is sometimes not necessary.

Example: Peter: "Clean the black shoes!"
Peter told me _________________________

Answer: Peter told me to clean the black shoes.

1) Andrew: "Clean the blue bike!"
Andrew told me .

2) Jessica: "Write a text message!"
Jessica told me .

3) Nelly: "Help Peter's sister!"
Nelly told me
.

4) Fred: "Wash your hands!"
Fred told me
.

5) Anna: "Open the window!"
Anna told me
.

6) Tom: "Come at 8!"
Tom told me
.

7) Teacher: "Do your homework!"
The teacher told me
.

8) Doris: "Dance with me!"
Doris told me
.

9) Sabine: "Meet Sandy at the station!"
Sabine told me .

10) Victoria: "Check your e-mails!"
Victoria told me .

Reported commands - NEGATIVE

If you put a command into Reported speech there are some steps which are the same like instatements: (changing of the person, backshift of tenses, changing of expressions of time).

The form is mostly: form of to tell + not to + infinitive.

Affirmative commands

Negative commands

Father: "Do your homework."

Teacher. "Don't talk to your neighbour."

Father told me to do my homework.

The teacher told me not to talk to my neighbour.

Finish the sentences using Reported speech. Always change the tense, although it is sometimes not necessary.

Example: Peter: "Don't clean the black shoes!"
Peter told me _________________________

Answer: Peter told me not to clean the black shoes.

1) Karen: "Don't play football in the garden!"
Karen told me .

2) Teacher: "Don't forget your homework!"
The teacher reminded me .

3) Mike: "Don't shout at Peter!"
Mike told me .

4) Yvonne: "Don't talk to your neighbour!"
Yvonne told me .

5) Denise: "Don't open the door!"
Denise told me .

6) Marcel: "Don't sing that song!"
Marcel reminded me .

7) Jane: "Don't watch the new film!"
Jane advised me .

8) Walter: "Don't ring Romy on Sunday!"
Walter told me .

9) Lisa: "Don't fly via Paris!"
Lisa advised me
.

10) Jamie: "Don't eat so much junk food!"
Jamie reminded me .


Reported speech - English Grammar

Statements

1) If the sentence starts in the present, there is no backshift of tenses in Reported speech.
Example: Susan: "I work in an office." Susan says that she works in an office.


2) If the sentence starts in the past, there is often backshift of tenses in Reported speech. (see: Note)
Example: Susan: "I work in an office." Susan said that she worked in an office.

Backshift of tenses

from

to

Simple Present

Simple Past

Simple Past

Past Perfect

Present Perfect

Past Perfect

will

would

Progressive forms

am/are/is

was/were

was/were

had been

has been

had been

Backshift of tenses

from

to

Peter: "I work in the garden."

Peter said that he worked in the garden.

Peter: "I worked in the garden."

Peter said that he had worked in the garden.

Peter: "I have worked in the garden."

Peter: "I had worked in the garden."

Peter: "I will work in the garden."

Peter said that he would work in the garden.

Peter: "I can work in the garden."

Peter said that he could work in the garden.

Peter: "I may work in the garden."

Peter said that he might work in the garden.

Peter: "I would work in the garden."
(could, might, should, ought to)

Peter said that he would work in the garden.
(could, might, should, ought to)

Progressive forms

Peter: "I'm working in the garden."

Peter said that he was working in the garden.

Peter: "I was working in the garden."

Peter said that he had been working in the garden.

Peter: "I have been working in the garden."

Peter: "I had been working in the garden."

If the sentence contains an expression of time, you must change it as well.

Peter: "I worked in the garden yesterday."
Peter said that he had worked in the garden the day before.

Shifting of expressions of time

this (evening)

that (evening)

today/this day

that day

these (days)

those (days)

now

then

(a week) ago

(a week) before

last weekend

the weekend before / the previous weekend

here

there

next (week)

the following (week)

tomorrow

the next/following day

Note:

In some cases the backshift of tenses is not necessary, e.g. when statements are still true.

John: "My brother is at Leipzig university."
John said that his brother was at Leipzig university. or
John said that his brother is at Leipzig university.

or

Mandy: "The sun rises in the East."
Mandy said that the sun rose in the East. or
Mandy said that the sun rises in the East.


REPORTED SPEECH - EXERSISES

Finish the sentences using Reported speech. Always change the tense, although it is sometimes not necessary.

Example: Peter: "I clean the black shoes."
Peter told me that ____________________________

Answer: Peter told me that he cleaned the black shoes.

1) John: "Mandy is at home."
John said that .

2) Max: "Frank often reads a book."
Max told me that .

3) Susan: "I'm watching TV."
Susan said to me that
.

4) Simon: "David was ill."
Simon said that
.

5) Peggy: "The girls helped in the house."
Peggy told me that .

6) Richard: "I am going to ride a skateboard."
Richard said to me that
.

7) Stephen and Claire: "We have cleaned the windows."
Stephen and Claire told me that
.

8) Charles: "I didn't have time to do my homework."
Charles remarked that .

9) Mrs Jones: "My mother will be 50 years old."
Mrs Jones told me that
.

10) Jean: "The boss must sign the letter."
Jean said that .


Reported speech - EXERSISES - Time expressions

Finish the sentences using Reported speech. Always change the tense, although it is sometimes not necessary.

Example: Peter: "I cleaned the black shoes yesterday."
Peter told me that _________________________________

Answer: Peter told me that he had cleaned the black shoes the day before.

1) Emily: "Our teacher will go to Leipzig tomorrow."
Emily said that .

2) Helen: "I was writing a letter yesterday."
Helen told me that .

3) Robert: "My father flew to Dallas last year."
Robert told me that .

4) Lisa: "Tim went to the stadium an hour ago."
Lisa said that .

5) Patricia: "My mother will celebrate her birthday next weekend."
Patricia said that .

6) Michael: "I am going to read a book this week."
Michael said to me that
.

7) Jason and Victoria: "We will do our best in the exams tomorrow."
Jason and Victoria told me that .

8) Andrew: "We didn't eat fish two days ago."
Andrew remarked that .

9) Alice: "I spent all my pocket money on Monday."
Alice complained that .

10) David: "John had already gone at six."
David said that .

Reported questions

If you put a question into Reported speech there are some steps which are the same like instatements: (changing of the person, backshift of tenses, changing of expressions of time).

In Reported speech there is no question anymore, the sentence becomes a statement.
That's why the word order is: subject - verb

Question without question words (yes/no questions):
Peter: "Do you play football?" - Peter asked me whether (if) I played football.

Question with question words:
Peter: "When do you play football?" - Peter asked me when I played football.

Finish the sentences using Reported speech. Always change the tense, although it is sometimes not necessary.

Example: Peter: "Did John clean the black shoes?"
Peter asked me _________________________________

Answer: Peter asked me if John had cleaned the black shoes.

1) Christopher: "Do you want to dance?"
Christopher asked me .

2) Betty: "When did you come?"
Betty wanted to know .

3) Mark: "Has John arrived?"
Mark asked me
.

4) Ronald: "Where does Maria park her car?"
Ronald asked me .

5) Elisabeth: "Did you watch the latest film?"
Elisabeth asked me .

6) Mandy: "Can I help you?"
Mandy wanted to know .

7) Andrew: "Will Mandy have lunch with Sue?"
Andrew asked me .

8) Justin: "What are you doing?"
Justin asked me .

9) Frank: "How much pocket money does Lisa get?"
Frank wanted to know .

10) Anne: "Must I do the shopping?"
Anne asked .

REPORTED QUESTIONS WITH TIME EXPRESSIONS

Finish the sentences using Reported speech. Always change the tense, although it is sometimes not necessary.

Example: Peter: "Did John clean the black shoes yesterday?"
Peter asked me _________________________________________

Answer: Peter asked me if John had cleaned the black shoes the day before.

1) Mandy: "Are the boys reading the book?"
Yesterday Mandy asked me .

2) Jason: "Who gave you the laptop?"
Yesterday Jason wanted to know
.

3) Robert: "Is Tim leaving on Friday?"
Yesterday Robert asked me .

4) Daniel: "Will it rain tomorrow?"
Yesterday Daniel asked me .

5) Jennifer: "Where do you play football today?"
Yesterday Jennifer wanted to know
.

6) Nancy: "Why didn't Nick go to New York last summer?"
Yesterday Nancy wanted to know
.

7) Barbara: "Must I do my homework this afternoon?"
Yesterday Barbara asked me .

8) Linda: "Did Max fly to London two weeks ago?"
Yesterday Linda wanted to know
.

9) Grandmother: "Where are my glasses?"
Yesterday Grandmother asked me .

10) A man: "When does the train to Liverpool leave?"
Yesterday a man asked me
.