LINKING WORDS

Transitions

Transitions connect your sentences and paragraphs together and provide coherence to your writing. They help your reader understand the relationships between your ideas.

To Enumerate (list ideas sequentially)
first in the first place first of all to begin with finally
second in the second place secondly next last
third in the third place thirdly another

To Give Examples
namely particularly incidentally indeed specifically for instance
in fact in other words for example in particular to illustrate that is

To Add an Illustration of
again equally important moreover furthermore besides and then
also further too and in addition likewise

To Indicate Place
above adjacent to below elsewhere opposite to on the other side
here farther on there near nearby to the left/right
beside to the east/west/north/south
Learning Resource Center, Leeward Community College

To Indicate Time
afterward as long as as soon as after a while thereafter until
at length presently shortly simultaneously now until now
at last at that time since so far soon subsequently
when then before earlier formerly immediately
lately in the meantime meanwhile in the past later after a short time
recently temporarily

To Compare
similarly in a like manner likewise in the same way in like manner in a similar manner

To Contrast
after all on the contrary however although but despite
still on the other hand in spite of yet and yet nevertheless

though notwithstanding otherwise regardless even though but at the same time
in contrast

To Show Cause or Effect
then as a result because consequently hence for this purpose
since accordingly therefore thereupon thus to this end

To Show Concession
after all at the same time of course although true granted perhaps
and yet naturally

To Conclude
all in all altogether in brief in conclusion to conclude in particular
in short in summary that is on the whole to summarize

VOCABULARY:

LINKING WORDS

Hence, por causa de esto, because of this

Likewise, in la misma forma, in the same way, also

Instead, en lugar de, a cambio de, in place of something

Namely, especificamente, specifically

Moreover, ademas, lo que es mas, Furthermore, besides

Nevertheless, sin embargo, no obstante. in ispite of that.

Therefore, por lo tanto, And so, accordingly

Thus, as a result, como resultado de esto, formal word to introduce a statement consequence of a previous

However, independientemente de, sin embargo, in whatever way.

To conclude

Consequently

To begin with

By comparison

Furthermore

Specifically

Yet

In conclusion

In the first place

For example

ALL IN ALL

ALTERNATIVELY

AS A RESULT

CONVERSELY

FIRST OF ALL

IN CONTRAST

SIMILARLY

THEREBY, BECAUSE OF THAT, IN CONNECTION WITH THAT, POR CAUSA DE ESO…

PRACTICE:

- 1. ONE WAY OF SHOWING THE CONNECTION BETWEEN TWO PARTS PF A TEXT IS THROUGH THE USE OF LINKING WORDS AND PHRASES. LINKING WORDS AND PHRASES HELP A WRITER TO CREATE AS SENSE OF COHESION OR “FLOW”. COHESION IS VERY IMPORTANT ESPECIALLY IN ACADEMIC WRITING, TO HELP SGNAL TO A READER HOW A TEXT IS ORGANIZED AND TO MARK THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN IDEAS IN A TEXT. OF COURSE, THERE ARE ADDITIONAL WAYS OF CREATING COHESION IN A TEXT, _________, THIS GRAMMAR ARTICLE FOCUSES EXCLUSIVELY ON LINKING WORDS AND PHRASES.

FOR EXAMPLE, “HOWEVER” CAN OCCUR, AT THE BEGINNING, IN THE MIDDLE OR AT THE END OF A SENTENCE, IT VERY RARELY OCCURS AS THE LAST WORD OF A SENTENCE, IN FACT, FROM THE HUNDRERDS OF EXAMPLES OF “HOWEVER” IN OUR CORPUS, 59% OCCURRED IN THE MIDDLE OF A SENTENCE, 40% OCCURRED T THE BEGGINNING OF A SENTENCE, AND ONLY 1% OCCURRED AT THE END OF A SENTENCE.

IN THE CASE OF “THUS”, MOST OF THE TIME, SLIGHTLY MORE THAN HALF OF THE TIME, “THUS” CAN BE FOUND AT THE BEGGINNING OF A SENTENCE. HOWEVER IT IS IMPORTANT TO NOTE THAT THE SECOND MOST COMMON POSITION OF “THUS” IS IN THE MIDDLE OF THE SENTENCE, AS WE SEE IN THE OTHER EXAMPLES.

- OVERALL, THE MOST COMMON POSITION FOR LINKING VERBS AND PHRASES IS AT THE BEGINNING OF A SENTENCE. HOWEVER, AS WE HAVE SEEN, IN SOME CASES LINKING WORDS ARE ALSO COMMONLY FOUND SOMEWHERE IN THE MIDDLE OF A SENTENCE. WHILE SOME LINKING WORDS AND PHRASES CAN OCCUR AS THE FINAL WORD OR PHRASE OF A SENTENCE, THIS POSITION IS VERY RARE.

IN YOUR OWN WRITING, IT IS CORRECT TO INTRODUCE SENTENCES WITH A LINKING WORD OR PHRASE. WE ENCOURAGE YOU, NEVERTHELESS, TO EXPERIMENT WITH MOVING SOME OF YOUR LINKINGS TO DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE SENTENCE, IN ORDER TO GIVE MORE VARIETY TO THE STRUCTURE OF YOUR WRITING.

NOW THAT WE HAVE EXAMINED LINKINGS AND THEIR POSITION WITHIN SENTENCES, LET´S LOOK AT LINKINGS IN THIS CONTEXT THIS TIME FOCUSING ON THEIR MEANING.

A) HOWEVER B) ALTERNATIVELY C) LIKEWISE

- WE CONCLUDE THAT ROCKS OF THE COLOMBIAN CORDILLERAS WEREN´T DERIVED FROM THE SLAB. _________ THEY MAY HAVE FORMED IN A MANNER SIMILAR TO MANY BATHOLITHS, FROM CRUST THAT IS BASALTIC (DENSITY 3.0 MGM – 3) AND DOES NOT INCLUDE PRECAMBRIAN – TYPE MATERIAL.

B) HOWEVER B) INSTEAD C) HENCE

-

SOME OF THE THINGS THAT A STUDENT NEEDS TO LEARN CAN NO DOUBT BE MASTERED BY DRILL AND PRACTICE UNDER THE CONTROL OF A TEACHER. BUT THE ARGUMENT OF THIS PAPER HAS BEEN THAT THE MOST EFFECTIVE LEARNING OCCURS WHEN THE STUDENT IS ALLOWED TO TAKE A MORE ACTIVE ROLE IN THE PROCESS. WE NEED TO SEE TEACHING, __________ , NO AS THE TRANSMISSION OF PRE – EXISTING KNOWLEDGE TO PASSIVE RECIPIENTS, BUT RATHER AS THE PROVISION OF OPPORTUNITIES FOR STUDENTS TO CONTINUE TO EXERSISE THEIR IN-BUILT DRIVE ACTIVELY TO MAKE SENSE OF THEIR EXPERIENCE AND THEREBY, TO GAIN UNDERSTANDING OF, AND CONTROL OVER, THE WORLD IN WHICH THEY LIVE.

E) THUS B) THEREFORE C) FURTHERMORE